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Annet Negesa, UGANDAN RUNNER
South Korea was my first World Championship. I was very, very happy to go on with the sport and going to another level.
Preparing for London Olympics // me, plus my coach, // we were working very hard // so that our dreams come true. Because our dream was to reach the finals. As long as we reached to the finals, anything can happen then.
Some few weeks to the departure for the London Olympics that’s the time when I received a call from my international manager telling me // my blood sample, they're having some problem, technical problem and you can't go for the competition.
Annet’s natural testosterone level was higher than the regulated range for women athletes.
My local officials from my federation told me me that // you have to stay at home, not moving. And if anyone asks you tell them that you have an injury, whereby I was a person who was injury free, I was very normal, I wasn't sick.
One official from the IAAF [International Association of Athletics Federations] // he tried to reach me and after some few weeks I think, they had me travel to Nice for a body checkup. Like measuring my whole body and putting me to a machine, just like scanning my whole body and getting more other blood samples from me.
I was something which was really confused. // Like as if there were people who were not talking straight to you telling you that this and this is like this, but just telling you do this, do this, do this.
Later in Kampala, Annet underwent a procedure that she thought would mean she could run again.
Going to the doctor with an executive from the [national] federation because she was with me, escorting me, going to the hospital, they took me to the operation room. // And they said that they are going to use the injection thing, whereby by waking up // I'm finding myself I'm having cuts. //
I said, whoa! They have done something which we didn't agree on. And really, I was so scared.
Annet’s internal sex organs had been removed.
The procedure is irreversible and causes sterilization.
The people who are there with me, taking me to the hospital, who wanted me to do such. After the operation, no one come back to me to see what really... No one came in to do a follow-up.
No one explained to me what's really the truth. It something which was just… Making me to go in their trap. I call it trap because it was a trap.
Took me seven years without nothing. As in, they didn't give me straight information that after the surgery, you have to go for hormone therapy throughout the whole of your life. // Really that was so hard on me. // For seven years no one's coming to look for you, for seven new years no one is minding to know where you are. It was really a strange life.
As soon as you pass here, you start slowing down the pace.
Sort of focus on the stride length.
Okay.
Keep the body moving, you know what I mean? That you feel that the body is moving at the same pace.
Testosterone regulations in sport cause significant harm and disproportionately impact women from the Global South.
Why are they focusing too much to people of the Southern continent? That shows that [there’s] discriminating and racism in the sport. Because all of us we are human beings, and we are females. What I can say, let them stop taking people's or playing on people's bodies. Making people to be guinea pigs and doing their research on human beings and violating human rights.
My dream at first was taken away from me. But with God, I trust that it will come back to me. And now I came back for training and I’m already in the process. I’m working for it again.
I have to fight for my dream. I have to fight for it. That's my future now. I'm focusing on my dream, which was taken away [by] the IAAF regulations.
（日內瓦）- 人權觀察在今天發表的報告中指出，女性田徑選手普遍受到「性別鑒定」規則的虐待與傷害，來自全球南方的選手尤其如此。相關規則特別關注參加400米至1英哩賽跑項目的女性，並且強迫其所關注的女性接受醫學干預，否則強制退賽。
這份120頁的報告，《「他們想把我們趕出體育界」：頂尖女性運動員的性別鑑定與人權侵害》，記錄12位以上全球南方女性運動員受到性別鑑定規則影響的親身經驗。人權觀察發現，部分全球規則鼓勵對女性運動員的歧視、監視和強制醫學干預，使她們蒙受身心創傷和經濟困難。國際奧林匹克委員會——全球最高體育機構——正在研擬指導原則，解決性別鑑定政策造成的人權侵害。
「世界田徑聯合會（世界田聯）數十年來打壓來自全球南方的女性運動員，將高睪固酮者視為次等人類，」運動員權利倡導者及學者佩歐希尼・密特拉（Payoshni Mitra）說。「這些規則貶低女性，使她們失去自信，而且強迫她們接受醫學干預才能參加競技。現代體育應當自我反省，採納包容和不歧視的原則，而非繼續堅持排除與歧視。」
人權觀察協同學者專家密特拉和卡崔娜・卡爾凱濟斯（Katrina Karkazis）於2019年進行研究，訪談受影響的運動員、教練和其他有關官員與專家，並且檢閱了相關司法與醫學文獻。
數十年來，運動管理機構藉由「性別鑑定」規則管制女性參與體育賽事，尤其針對那些因為性徵變異導致天然睪固酮高於一般水平的女性運動員。相關規則剥奪這些女性參加女子400公尺至1英哩賽跑的權利，除非她們接受侵入性檢查和其他不必要的醫療程序。這種做法違反了隱私、健康和不歧視的基本權利。來自全球南方的女性——包括印度的杜蒂・強德（Dutee Chand）和南非的卡斯特・塞曼亞（Caster Semenya）等短跑名將——特別容易受到傷害。
由於有關官員對規則涵蓋對象進行資格認定，所有女性運動員都遭到公眾品頭論足，並要求看似「可疑」者接受有辱人格的、且通常是侵入性的醫學檢查。這種做法無異於依照武斷定義的女性氣質和種族刻板印象來監管女性的身體。並無科學共識指出先天睪固酮偏高的女性在運動的表現上具有優勢。男性之間的睪固酮高低也存在顯著差異，卻從未面臨類似規管。
受訪女性談到她們產生強烈的自我懷疑、羞恥，甚至放棄運動生涯——即使她們靠此謀生——或企圖自殺。一位經過性別鑑定被取消資格的賽跑選手說：「我想知道結果。⋯我想知道我是什麼人？他們為什麼查驗我，而不查驗其他女孩？⋯我想知道他們為什麼要把我帶去醫院，脫掉衣服。」
除了相關規則本身對人權的侵犯，實施這種規則的影響遠超過體育範疇。運動場上的成功可以為女性帶來經濟穩定。她們從小就能得到獎學金、住房和食物等各種收益，也比較容易找到體育之外的穩定工作。許多受訪運動員出身赤貧家庭，他們在田徑運動上的成功常常成為整個家族的生計來源。有些人就因為被取消資格而頓失體育生涯，導致全家人陷入經濟困境。
醫學專家、人權倡導者和體育明星反對這種規則的聲浪已日益響亮。聯合國人權事務高級專員辦事處在2020年的一份報告中建議，應立即廢止對女性運動員的性別鑑定規則。世界醫學協會（World Medical Association）也建議世界各地的醫生不要遵守該規則，因為它違反醫學倫理。
2019年，有25名法國女性運動員向世界田聯主席塞巴斯蒂安・柯伊（Sebastian Coe）、國際奧委會主席托馬斯・巴赫（Thomas Bach）和世界各國衛生及體育部長發表公開信，他們說：「這些女性和我們並無二致，是人類當中的優秀運動員。我們和她們同樣熱衷運動及其內在價值。她們的健康和前途面臨威脅，使得運動的形象再次遭到玷污。被蔑視的是人權和人的尊嚴。」
法國體育部長羅克薩勒・默勒奇內亞努（Roxana Maracineanu）回應說：「在運動競賽中，有些女性強過其他女性，也有些男性強過其他男性，運動的本質就是強者獲勝。從體育的角度看，我不明白為什麼被歸類為男性的博爾特（Usain Bolt）、菲爾普斯（Michael Phelps）、索普（Ian Thorpe）等人可以稱霸同類，但在女性類別中，女性卻沒有權利在自己的類別中稱霸。」
「這些規則受到對睪固酮、生物學和性別的錯誤觀念激發，充斥著『保護』女性運動員的父權語言，確實對女性、尤其是來自全球南方的女性造成了無法言喻的傷害，」埃默里大學婦女、性別與性學研究客座教授兼耶魯大學全球健康正義計劃研究員卡爾凱濟斯說。「這些規則具有破壞性，因為它的基本假定本質上是性別歧視，即女性運動員必然不如男性運動員，因此必須監管女子體育運動以保護女性。其實這種監管不能保護婦女，只會傷害她們。」
全球運動產業受到地方、國家、區域和國際官方及非政府機構——包括體育管理組織——的複雜系統的監管，這些機構與官方人權機制各有不同關係。體育管理組織在規範世界各地體育運動方面享有特殊地位。
世界各國政府都承諾性別平等、不歧視女性。政府有義務保護本國運動員，以及在本國境內參賽的運動員的權利。人權標準對所有人一體適用。人權觀察表示，歧視性的政策——例如性別鑑定規則——漠視奧林匹克運動追求人人享有尊嚴與平等的承諾。體育當局的天職是以規則確保公平競爭，而非藉由程序侵犯人權。
世界田聯應當立即廢除相關規則。國際奧委會作為國際最高體育當局，應該堅持《奧林匹克憲章》的基本原則，包括原則四「人人應有機會從事體育運動，不受任何形式的歧視」和原則六「對於《奧林匹克憲章》所定各項權利與自由之享有應受保障，不受種族、膚色、性別、性取向、語言、宗教、政治或其他見解、國籍或社會出身、財產、出生或其他身份等任何形式的歧視。」
國際奧委會應該公開承認性別鑑定規則中含有種族和性別偏見，並刪除所有要求非必要的醫學干預才能保有資格的規定。
「世界田聯根據先天荷爾蒙水平對女性選手進行審查和排除的規定，是對所有女性的侮辱、成見和歧視，」人權觀察女性權利部高級研究員艾妮思・奥迪安柏（Agnes Odhiambo）說。「被迫接受非醫療必要的醫學檢驗是一種羞辱。通過觀察和懷疑來認定運動員資格，相當於根據武斷定義的女性氣質和種族刻板印象對女性的身體進行監管。」
