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SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

From renewed hostilities between Israel and Hamas to the tremendous suffering of civilians in Sudan.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

Ongoing conflicts in Ukraine, Myanmar, Ethiopia and the Sahel.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

And that 2023 was the hottest year on record.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

Wildfires, drought and storms affected the lives of millions of people globally.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

These, and many other human rights crises and their consequences are not solvable by governments acting alone.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

But the international human rights framework the collection of rules states have agreed upon provides the roadmap to protect everyone’s dignity.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

We have seen what’s possible when people’s human rights are respected and protected.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

In June, following years of civil society pressure, the Japanese Parliament passed its first law to protect lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people from “unfair discrimination.”

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

Brazil’s Supreme Court upheld all Indigenous peoples’ rights to their traditional lands.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

The ruling was a huge boost for Indigenous people in their fight to preserve their way of life.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

Despite the power of human rights to protect everyone’s dignity, the system of rules we rely on to deliver on that promise is under threat. 

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

Many countries quickly and justifiably condemned the attacks on October 7 by Hamas, but many others have been reserved in responding to the actions by the Israeli government in the collective punishment of civilians in Gaza.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

Meanwhile, armed conflict in Sudan has led to widespread abuses, but has attracted little international attention, while the people of Sudan continue to pay the highest price.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

This selective outrage leaves the impression that some lives matter more than others, which undermines faith in the idea that everyone’s human rights deserve protection.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

And when governments ignore their human rights commitments altogether, in the name of security or trade, when dealing with autocratic leaders, it can embolden those leaders to extend the reach of their repression.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

Civil society, courts, and human rights commissions are also increasingly under threat by governments that want to exercise power without constraints. 

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

And governments are increasingly using technology platforms to silence and censor critics.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

These threats underline that governments should urgently respect, protect and defend human rights to build thriving and inclusive societies.

SOUNDBITE: Tirana Hassan, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, 2024-01-03, New York (USA):

Upholding human rights consistently, across the board, no matter who the victims are or where the rights violations are being committed, is the only way to build the world we want to live in, where everyone’s dignity is respected and protected.                  

 

(紐約)- 人權觀察今天發表《2024世界人權報告》指出,2023年發生了近年來最嚴重的危機與挑戰,造成無數生命損失,而全球領導人未能在這一年中採取堅定立場捍衛人權。各國政府不應再參與交易外交,而應盡全力維護普世人權原則。

以色列政府和哈馬斯再度爆發武裝衝突,和烏克蘭、緬甸、埃塞俄比亞、薩赫勒地區的衝突同樣導致巨大苦難。2023年是自1880年全球有紀錄以來最炎熱的一年,從孟加拉、利比亞到加拿大都因野火、乾旱和風暴侵襲而產生混亂。世界各地的經濟不平等都在加劇,政策決定造成大量民眾掙扎求生而導致的民憤也不斷高漲。

「我們賴以保護人權的國際體制正面臨威脅,世界各國領導人卻對普世人權原則遭到違反視而不見,」人權觀察執行長蒂拉娜・哈桑(Tirana Hassan)說。「每當有國家忽視這些全球公認的普世原則,就會有人付出代價,這種代價有時包括民眾的生命。」

人權觀察第34次發表世界人權報告,篇幅740頁,內容檢視全球100多個國家的人權現況。執行長蒂拉娜・哈桑(Tirana Hassan)在導言中表示:2023年是影響深遠的一年,不僅因為這一年發生的人權壓迫和戰爭暴行,也因為一些政府採取雙重標準和交易外交,導致被排除於交易外交在外者的權利遭受重大損害。但她說,也有些希望的徵象表明採取不同途徑是可能的,她並呼籲各國政府以一貫態度履行人權義務。 

人權觀察表示,各國政府適用人權框架時的雙重標準不僅可能造成無數生靈塗炭,還會導致各種負責執行和保護人權的制度一點一滴地失去人們的信任。當各國政府一面理直氣壯譴責以色列政府對加沙平民的戰爭罪行,一面對中國政府在新疆的危害人類罪行不聞不問,或者要求國際起訴俄羅斯對烏克蘭的戰爭罪行卻不支持追究美國在阿富汗的暴行責任,這樣的雙重標準必然削弱對人權普世性的信念,以及為保護人權而制定的法律的正當性。

人權觀察指出,各國政府發現在國際場合更容易無視人權議題,部分原因就是它們在國內侵犯人權的行為沒有受到國際社會質疑。

人權觀察指出,人權危機和人道主義危機導致許多人質疑人權框架的有效性,因為當更民主、更尊重人權的政府對人權途徑的支持冷淡,侵犯人權的政府便能從中獲益。公民社會組織、草根運動和人權捍衛者可以幫助重建人權框架,作為建設繁盛、包容社會的藍圖。

許多譴責哈馬斯戰爭罪行的政府在回應以色列政府的戰爭罪行時有所保留。美國和大多數歐盟成員國不願抨擊以色列政府的暴行,和它們過去拒絕敦促以色列政府結束對加沙長達16年的封鎖如出一轍。

以政治名義在人權問題上妥協的一個明顯案例,就是許多國家的政府對中國政府不斷加强鎮壓不置一詞。中國政府對一百萬維吾爾族和其他突厥裔穆斯林的文化迫害和任意拘留足以構成危害人類罪,但包括穆斯林國家在內的許多政府卻保持沉默。

蘇丹於2023年4月陷入武裝衝突,該國兩大軍頭為爭奪權力展開交戰,聯合國未能阻止平民遭受大規模迫害,特別是在達爾富爾地區。在蘇丹政府堅持下,聯合國安理會關閉了它在蘇丹的政治使團,以致聯合國在當地保護平民和公開報導人權狀況的能力所剩無幾。對於蘇丹政府在與國際刑事法院合作方面的不妥協態度,聯合國也幾乎未採任何措施加以扭轉。

在美國,拜登總統幾乎從不考慮追究人權侵犯者的責任——只要這些人對他的國內政策具有關鍵作用,或屬於中國勢力範圍。沙特阿拉伯、印度和埃及等美國盟邦繼續大規模侵犯國內人民的權利。

歐盟漠視其人權義務,將庇護尋求者和移民推往其他國家,或與利比亞和土耳其等侵犯人權政府協商封堵移民入境。亞太地區民主國家的政府,包括日本、韓國和澳洲,一貫以維護軍事同盟和貿易為名,把人權擺在次要地位。

印度在莫迪總理領導下由民主向專制倒退,當局以少數群體為打擊目標,加強高壓政策,解散各種獨立自主的機構。

在突尼斯,賽義德總統取消了制衡機制。薩爾瓦多總統布克爾利用高犯罪率進行安全鎮壓,以攫奪並鞏固權力。在孟加拉,哈西娜總理的政府在2024年1月大選前下令逮捕一萬多名反對派領袖和支持者。

然而,正如這些威脅是相互關聯的,人權框架保護人們自由與尊嚴的力量也是如此。

國際法院在11月做成具有里程碑意義的裁決,命令叙利亞政府防止酷刑和其他虐待。日本國會通過第一部保護女同性戀、男同性戀、雙性戀和跨性別人士免受「不公平的歧視」的法律。在墨西哥,公民社會團體組成的聯盟說服國會立法確認完全法律行為能力,惠及數百萬身心障礙人士和老年人。

3 月,國際刑事法院對俄羅斯總統普京及其兒童權利專員發出逮捕令,罪名是將烏克蘭被占領土上的兒童強轉移到俄羅斯的戰爭罪行。巴西最高法院維護了所有原住民族對其傳統土地的權利,這是防止亞馬遜森林遭砍伐的最有效屏障之一。

11月,英國最高法院無異議裁定盧旺達並非英國政府得向其輸送庇護尋求者的安全第三國,從而推翻了一份實際上將英國的庇護責任轉嫁於盧旺達的協議。

「世界各地的人權危機表明,必須儘速將國際人權法由來已久且相互同意的原則適用到所有地方,」哈桑說。「各國政府若能採取原則外交,將各國的人權義務置於其對外關係的核心,將可影響壓迫行為,並對權利受侵犯的人們產生有意義的作用。」

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